Indlela Ama-roller Okugaya Anengcindezi Ephezulu Ahlenga Ngayo Amandla

Ukugaywa nokucolwa kwamatshe (comminution) yikho okudla amandla kagesi amaningi kakhulu ezikhungweni eziningi zokuhlwaya nokucubungula amaminerali, kanti emisebenzini yokumba amatshe aqinile kungathatha ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yamandla esayithi lonke. Ngakho-ke, yonke i-kilowatt-hour esuswayo ohlelweni lokugaya ingena ngqo enzuzweni yenkampani. Amarola okugaya anengcindezi ephezulu, aziwa kakhulu ngokuthi yi-HPGR, asephenduke enye yezindlela ezithembeke kakhulu zokufinyelela lokho kuncipha kwamandla; hhayi ngoba egaya ngolaka olukhulu, kodwa ngoba aphula amatshe ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Lesi sihloko sichaza inqubo yokonga amandla kagesi nge-HPGR, sikhombisa lapho lawo mandla agcinwa khona ngqo, futhi sibeka obala izici zokuklama nezokusebenza ezinquma ukuthi lokho konga kuyenzeka ngempela yini ngokwenzekayo esikhundleni sokuba yisithembiso nje ephepheni lemininingwane.

Kungani Izinhlelo Zokugaya Ezijwayelekile Zisebenzisa Ugesi Omningi Kangaka

Izigayelo ezizungezayo (tumbling mills), kungaba ezizenzakalelayo (autogenous), ezizenzakalela kancane (semi-autogenous / SAG) noma izigayelo zamabhola ensimbi (ball mills), ziphula amatshe ngokushayisana nokugudlana ngaphakathi kwesigubhu esiphendukayo. Inkinga enkulu isekusebenzeni kabi kokudluliswa kwamandla. Ingxenye enkulu kagesi enikezwa imoto yokushayela isigayelo ilahleka njengokushisa, umsindo, ukudlidlizela kanye nokuguga kwamabhola ensimbi esikhundleni sokudala indawo entsha yokuphuka kwetshe. Ukuphakamisa umthwalo wokugaya, ukujikeleza kwesigubhu kanye nengxenye ehambisa umshini konke kudla amandla ngaphambi kokuba kuphuke ngisho itshe elilodwa.

Kunezinye izinto ezimbili ezenza le nkinga ibe yimbi kakhulu. Okokuqala, izigayelo ezizungezayo zivame ukugaya ngokweqile ingxenye yezinto ezingenisiwe kanti izinhlayiya ezinkulu azigayeki ngokwanele, ngoba isikhathi sokuhlala phakathi asilingani. Okwesibili, ukukhululwa kwamaminerali kwenzeka ngokugaya yonke into ibe nhlekelele ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekayo, okudla amandla ezintweni esevele zikhululekile ngokwanele. Ububi obukhulu bokugaya okuvamile ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa enhlanganiseleni engahlelekile esikhundleni sokuthi aqondiswe ngqo ezinhlayiyeni ezidinga ukuphulwa.

Indlela Amarola Okugaya Anengcindezi Ephezulu (HPGR) Aphula Ngayo Amadwala Ngendlela Ehlukile

I-HPGR isebenza ngomgomo owaziwa ngokuthi ukucolwa phakathi kwezinhlayiya (inter-particle comminution) noma ukugaya embhedeni wezinhlayiya. Izinto zifakwa phakathi kwamarola amabili aphendukelana ngaphakathi, lapho elilodwa limile khona kanti elinye licindezelwe ngamandla e-hydraulic. Isikhala sigcwaliswa ngamatshe ngamabomu ukuze izinhlayiya zicindezelane zodwa esikhundleni sokuchotshozwa phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili zensimbi.

Ukucindezelana kwezinhlayiya zodwa

Njengoba okufakwayo kungena endaweni yokucindezela, amandla e-rola akhuphukela kumashumi amaningi ama-megapascal kanti umbhede wezinhlayiya ucindezelwa ube yikhekhe eliqinile (flake). Izinhlayiya zithola ingcindezi evela ezinhlangothini eziningi ezivela kwezinye izinhlayiya ezingomakhelwane. Ngenxa yokuthi umthwalo usakazwa kuwo wonke umbhede, ukuphuka kwenzeka kuyo yonke impahla hhayi kuphela ebusweni bamarola, futhi amandla asetshenziswa ngqo edwaleni esikhundleni sokuchithwa ezinsimbini zokugaya.

Ukuqhekeza okuncane (Micro-cracking) kanye nempahla eyenziwe buthaka

Umphumela obaluleke kakhulu ngokwezentengiselwano we-HPGR akukhona nje ukunciphisa usayizi ngokushesha, kodwa umonakalo wesakhiwo oshiyeka ngaphakathi. Ukucindezela emingceleni yezinhlayiya kudala inethiwekhi yemifantu emincane kakhulu (micro-cracks) kuyo yonke inhlayiya. Ikhekhe eliphumayo libonakala lilikhulu ngamehlo, kodwa izinhlayiya ziba buthaka kakhulu ngaphakathi. Lapho leyo mpahla idluliselwa esigayelweni samabhola (ball mill) noma esigayelweni esinyakaziswayo (stirred mill), iphuka kalula kakhulu, okunciphisa amandla adingekayo esigabeni esilandelayo. Lena yindlela ukonga kwe-HPGR okudlulela ngale kwamarola ngokwawo.

Lapho Ukonga Amandla Kagesi Kuvela Khona Ngempela

Kubalulekile ukucacisa kahle imithombo yalokhu konga, ngoba kuvame ukwethulwa njengesibalo esisodwa nje jikelele. Eqinisweni, inzuzo ingumphumela wezinto eziningana ezihlukene:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngqo: amandla okucindezela adluliselwa embhedeni wezinhlayiya ngendlela emfushane nephumelelayo yemishini ne-hydraulic, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuphakamisa umthwalo wokugaya ngokumelene namandla adonsela phansi.
• Akukho okokugaya kwensimbi: le nqubo iqeda ukusetshenziswa kwamabhola ensimbi noma izinduku, isuse kokubili amandla asetshenziswa ekwenzeni lezo zinsimbi kanye namandla alahleka lapho amabhola eshayisana wodwa.
• Ukulungiswa komkhiqizo ngemifantu emincane: umkhiqizo owenziwe buthaka wehlisa i-Bond work index yezinto eziya esigayelweni esilandelayo, okunciphisa amandla asetshenziswa esigabeni sesibili sokugaya.
• Ukuncipha kokugaya ngokweqile: indawo encane yokucindezela ikhawulela isikhathi sokuhlala, ngakho-ke kuphuma izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezingadingeki ngobuningi obuncane.
• Umthwalo omncane ophindelelayo (Lower circulating load): umkhiqizo olinganayo wehlisa umthamo wezinto ezijikelezayo ezisefweni, kuma-cyclone nasemabhandeni okuhambisa; ithani ngalinye elingaphindeli liwuthani elingadingi kupompwa noma ligaywe kabusha.
• Umphumela omkhulu nge-kilowatt efakiwe: ngenxa yokuthi amarola acubungula umbhede omncane oqhubekayo esikhundleni somthwalo ojikelezayo, amandla omsebenzi akhula ngokuhambisana nobubanzi nobude berola ngendlela ebonakalayo.

Ukuqhathanisa i-HPGR Nezindlela Ezijwayelekile Zokuchoboza Nokugaya

Kumaphrojekthi abheka ukushintsha indlela yokusebenza, ukuqhathanisa okujwayelekile kwenziwa phakathi kwenqubo yezigaba ezintathu zokuchoboza kanye nesigayelo samabhola, uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo olusebenzisa i-HPGR, ngokuvamile ehlanganiswe nesigayelo samabhola noma isigayelo esiqondile esinyakaziswayo sokugaya kokugcina.

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla athize: izinhlelo ze-HPGR ngokuvamile zidinga amandla amancane ewonke okugaya ukuze zithole usayizi ofanayo womkhiqizo, kanti inzuzo enkulu ibonakala ematsheni aqinile kakhulu.
• Izinga lokunciphisa: i-HPGR yamukela izinto ezinkudlwana bese ikhipha umkhiqizo ocolekile ononakaliswe ngemifantu, okunciphisa umsebenzi obekwe ezigayelweni ezingemuva.
• Izindleko zokuguga: izingxenye ezigugayo zobuso berola zithatha indawo yamabhola ensimbi, okushintsha isakhiwo sezindleko ekuthengweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuye ezikhathini zokulungisa ubuso bomshini.
• Ukuvumelana nezimo: i-HPGR ingamiswa ohlelweni oluvulekile, ohlelweni oluvaliwe olunezisefo, noma njengesiteji sokugaya ngaphambi kwezigayelo ezikhona kakade.
• Amanzi nothuli: le nqubo ingasebenza ngamanzi amancane kakhulu, okubalulekile ezindaweni ezomile nasezinhlelweni zokugaya ezomile.

Ukuqhathanisa akugcini ngokuvuna i-HPGR kuphela ezimeni zonke. Ukuqina kwetshe, umswakama, ukusatshalaliswa kukasayizi wezinto ezingenayo kanye nezinga lokugcina lokucola okudingekayo konke kunomthelela emphumeleni, yingakho ukuhlola ezingeni lokuhlola (pilot-scale testing) kuhlala kubalulekile ngaphambi kokuba kuqinisekiswe uhlelo olugcwele.

Izici Zokuklama Nokusebenza Ezinquma Ukonga Kwangempela

Isimo nobuso bamarola (Roll surface configuration)

Ubuso bamarola obunamaqhubu aqinile (studded) noma obuhlanganiswe ngezinsimbi ezikhethekile bugcina ikhono lokubamba izinto njengoba buguga. Lapho lokho kubamba kulahleka, amarola ayashelela, umthamo wokukhiqiza uyehla kanti namandla acindezela embhedeni ayancipha, okuqeda inzuzo yamandla kagesi. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha ubuso obufanele ukuhuzuka kwetshe kuyisici esinquma ngqo ukusebenza kahle kwamandla esikhathini eside.

Amandla athize okucindezela kanye nejubane lerola

Ingcindezi yokusebenza kumele ihambisane nohlobo lwetshe. Ingcindezi encane kakhulu ikhipha ikhekhe elingacindezelekile kahle elinemifantu ebuthaka; ingcindezi enkulu kakhulu yenza izinto zihlangane zibumbane futhi, ibangele ukuguga okukhulu kanti nenzuzo yamandla ayande ngokufanelekile. Ijubane lerola linquma isikhathi esitholakalayo sokucindezela futhi kumele lihambisane nomthamo odingekayo wokukhiqiza.

Ukulungiswa kokudla komshini kanye nomthelela wemiphetho

Izinto eziphuma emaphethelweni amarola zigwema indawo egcwele yokucindezela bese zibuya njengezinto ezinkulu ezidinga ukujikeleza futhi. Ukuvalwa ngempumelelo kwemaphethelo, ukulawulwa kukasayizi wezinto ezingenayo kanye nezinga elizinzile lokufaka izinto yikho okugcina umthwalo ojikelezayo uphansi futhi kwenze ukonga amandla kuhlale kuphezulu.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukonga Amandla Ngaphambi Kokuthenga

Ngenxa yokuthi ukonga kuncike endleleni itshe elithile eliphuka ngayo, ukuhlola okuthembekile kulandela indlela ecacile: ukuthatha amasampula amele indawo yonke, ukuhlolwa kokucindezela elabhorethri, ukulingisa komjikelezo ovaliwe futhi, lapho iphrojekthi ikudinga khona, ukuhlolwa emshinini olinganiselwe osebenza ngokuqhubekayo. I-ZYmining isekela le nqubo ngokuhlola nokukhetha imishini ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kokucindezeleka okukalwe ngqo esikhundleni sokucabanga okujwayelekile, ukuze ukonga amandla okuhleliwe kuhambisane ncamashi nedwala langempela elisendaweni.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ingabe i-HPGR ithatha indawo yesigayelo samabhola ngokuphelele?

Hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ezinhlelweni eziningi, i-HPGR isebenza njengesiteji sokugaya kwangaphambili noma sokuchoboza kwesithathu (tertiary crushing), bese kuthi isigayelo samabhola noma isigayelo esinyakaziswayo senze umsebenzi wokugcina wokugaya. Ukonga kuvela ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe, lapho isigayelo esingemuva siqala ngezinto esezenziwe buthaka ngaphambili.

Ingabe i-HPGR ifanele amatshe aqinile kuphela?

Amatshe aqinile futhi amelanayo abonisa inzuzo enkulu kakhulu, kodwa namatshe athambile angacutshungulwa uma nje ubuso berola nengcindezi kukhethwe ngendlela efanele. Izomnotho zincike kulo lonke uhlelo lokusebenza hhayi ekuqineni kwetshe kuphela.

Kukalwa kanjani ukonga lokhu?

Ngokuqhathanisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla athize kagesi, abekwe ngama-kilowatt-hour ngethani ngalinye lomkhiqizo oqediwe, kulo lonke uhlelo lokugaya nokucola. Ukuqhathanisa amarola kuphela ngokuqondene nezigayelo kuphela kunikeza isithombe esingalungile nesidukisayo.

Kafushane, i-HPGR yonga amandla kagesi ngokuhlasela ubuthaka obukhona ekugayeni okuvamile: ifaka amandla ngqo embhedeni wezinhlayiya ovalekile, igwema amandla alahleka ezinsimbini zokugaya nasekufukuleni umthwalo emoyeni, futhi ishiya umkhiqizo onemifantu emincane ongabizi kakhulu ukuwugaya esigabeni esilandelayo. Ukuthola lokho konga kuncike ekukhetheni ubuso berola obufanele, ingcindezi nejubane elilungiswe kahle, izimo zokufaka izinto ezilawulwayo, kanye nohlelo olwakhiwe ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni okukalwe ngqo kwetshe hhayi ekucabangeni nje.